引语可以为你的观点提供佐证,使你的文章更有吸引力。要在学术写作中融入这类信息,以下标点符号规则可能会有所帮助:
引语的框架: 单引号和双引号
在美式英语中,双引号("引用的句子")通常用于引语的框架,而单引号(‘引用的句子’)则用于在另一个引语中划分引语。相邻标点符号的位置有如下不同:逗号和句号应始终放在引号内,冒号和分号应放在引号外,感叹号和问号只有在它们是引语的一部分时才放在引号内。相比之下,在英式英语中,双引号和单引号的使用常常相反,标点符号通常只在包含在原短语中时才放在引号内。
整合引语(Integrating a quotation): 冒号和逗号
你应将引语融入周围的文字中,不仅要介绍和解释其内容,还要使用适当的标点符号。引语信息前经常使用冒号,例如:
- This is a key sentence from James Watson and Francis Crick's landmark paper on the structure of DNA: “The novel feature of the structure is the manner in which the two chains are held together by the purine and pyrimidine bases.”
如前一篇文章所述,冒号前的短语必须是一个独立分句。
另外,根据句子结构的不同,引语也可以用逗号或不使用标点符号:
- Watson and Crick wrote, “The novel feature of the structure is the manner in which the two chains are held together by the purine and pyrimidine bases.” (引语前加逗号)
- Watson and Crick wrote that “The novel feature of the structure is the manner in which the two chains are held together by the purine and pyrimidine bases.” (前面没有标点符号)
删节和阐明引语: 省略号和括号
省略号 (...) 可用于缩短引语,尤其是当引语的某一部分与你的目的不直接相关时。不过,在此过程中应注意不要改变引语的意思。下面是一个基于前面引语的例子:
- “The novel feature of the structure is the manner in which the two chains are held together by the purine and pyrimidine bases.” (原引语)
- “The novel feature of the structure is the manner in which the two chains are held together by...bases” (节选引语,含义准确)
- “The novel feature of the structure is the manner in which the two chains are held together by...pyrimidine bases.” (意思不准确的删节引语)
在第二句中,"the purine and pyrimidine "(嘌呤和嘧啶)被省略了,但该句仍然强调了一个准确的事实:两条链的连接方式是新颖的。相比之下,第三句中的省略号可能会造成误读。特别是,尽管嘌呤碱基也参与其中,但读者可能会误认为新特点是仅由嘧啶碱基连接。
括号([ ])通常用于在引语中添加说明性信息。例如,如果你认为听众无法理解 "嘌呤和嘧啶碱基 "这一短语,你可以用以下两种方法之一修改引语:
- “The novel feature of the structure is the manner in which the two chains are held together by the purine and pyrimidine bases [the building blocks of DNA].” (补充说明)
- “The novel feature of the structure is the manner in which the two chains are held together by [complementary chemical groups].” (替换并说明)
在第一种情况下,读者既可以看到原文,也可以看到括号中对原文的说明,这与括号类似。在第二种情况下,可能引起混淆的材料完全被句中语法正确的说明所取代。
希望本文能帮助你明确如何在学术论文中使用引语标点符号。请随时通过 AskAnExpert@aje.com 与我们联系。AJE祝您在研究和写作中一切顺利!