使用不分性别的语言表述需要付出额外的精力,但归根结底,这样做可以节省你编辑及投稿的时间,并增加论文成功发表的几率。除了以微妙的方式传达性别歧视之外,使用专指男性和女性的名词和代词可能会产生歧义,引起理解上的混淆。
我们怎样才能在写作中避免错误的措辞并正确的使用中性语言呢?这里有几种替代方法,根据不同的语境,被证实很有效。
避免用 " man "指代所有人
- 用 " The average person"或 " average individual "代替 " The average man"。
- 根据语境,使用 " humans"、" persons"、" humankind "或 " people "来代替 " mankind"。
使用没有性别刻板印象的职位名称
- 用 " fisher "代替 " fisherman",用 " flight attendant "代替 " stewardess",用 " salesperson"代替 " salesman",用 " administrative assistant"代替 " secretary",用 " chairperson "代替 " chairman"等。
代词:在指代所有人时,避免使用 " he/his"
试试下面的方法:
- 用 " he或she "或 " his或her "代替 "he "和 "his"。
- "A citizen is allowed to vote in the primary if he has registered in advance."变成... "A citizen is allowed to vote in the primary if he or she has registered in advance"。
- 注意:" he或she "比 "s/he "好得多,"s/he "应避免使用。不过," he或she "要少用。在一个句子中或连续多个句子中多次使用 "" he或she " "会影响文体。
将句子变复数(所有情况都用复数)
- "An effective teacher will have good presentation skills to market himself and his ideas"变为 "Effective teachers will have good presentation skills to market themselves and their ideas"。
避免使用的替代词语
用 "they/their "代替 "he/she"、"his/her",而不是将先行词变复数:
- "If a student wants to succeed in class, all he has to do is complete his assignments"变成... "If a student wants to succeed in class all they have to do is complete their assignments"。
许多作者和演讲者使用 "singular their"是为了避免重复 "he 或 she "的尴尬。虽然这种用法很常见,且在语法专家之间仍存在争议,但在正式的学术写作中一般不能这样使用。
将性别语言转化为中性语言并没有什么灵丹妙药。不同的语境需要不同的策略。本文的提示绝非详尽无遗。有关此主题的更多指导,可以参阅《芝加哥格式手册》(第 16 版)5.221-30(尤其是 5.225)或《美国心理学会出版手册》(第 6 版)3.12 f。